By Alex Dryden
When a Danish pension fund recently announced it would sell its $100 million holding of U.S. government bonds, the move was tiny in financial terms – just a drop in a $30 trillion ocean. But it touched on a much bigger issue. Foreign investors now hold around one-third of all U.S. government debt, amounting to roughly $9.5 trillion.
Of these foreign holdings, Europe has $3.6 trillion, making it collectively the largest holder of U.S. debt, larger than Japan (which holds $1.2 trillion) or China (which owns around $700 billion).
Could this financial exposure be turned into political leverage – a way for Europe to push back against Donald Trump’s recent threats over Greenland and European sovereignty? Or, as the U.S. president has claimed, does the U.S. still “hold all the cards” in debt markets?
At the World Economic Forum in Davos recently, Trump threatened a “big retaliation” if European countries sold U.S. assets as a response to tariff threats. When politicians talk about Europe “dumping” U.S. government debt, it sounds like a simple, almost mechanical, act whereby political leaders make a decision and trillions of dollars’ worth of bonds are sold. But that’s not how financial markets actually work.
In Europe, U.S. government bonds aren’t owned by governments. They’re held by pension funds, insurance companies, banks and investment funds. These are independent financial institutions that manage the savings of millions of ordinary people. There is no single switch a government can flip to make all of these investors sell at once, even if it wanted to.
Even if governments are able to cajole European investors into selling their U.S. Treasuries, there is the tricky question of where the money would go. The U.S. Treasury market is the largest bond market in the world. There is no easy alternative home for the $3 trillion of U.S. government bonds held by Europeans.
The euro area does have a large amount of government bonds and in principle they could absorb some reallocation. But shifting even a few trillion dollars at speed would drive prices sharply higher and yields sharply lower, creating enormous distortions.
Then there’s the problem of self-harm. European banks, insurers and pension funds are packed with U.S. Treasuries. A forced or panicked sell-off would punch a hole in their own balance sheets as price fell sharply.
At the same time, if European institutions collectively opt to move all their investments out of dollars into euros the financial market shockwaves would be massive. The surge in demand would likely drive the euro sharply higher, making European exports more expensive and quite possibly tipping the economy into recession.
This is one reason China, despite years of tough talk, never actually followed through on threats to weaponise its Treasury holdings. In modern finance, trying to use these assets as a blunt political weapon tends to look a lot like mutually assured economic damage.
Why the bond market still has a vote
So does this mean Trump really does hold all the cards? Not quite. While European governments are highly unlikely to try to weaponize their holdings of U.S. government debt, that does not mean the United States is free to ignore international investors.
America is now heavily reliant on global capital markets to fund its large, and growing, budget deficits. Every year, the U.S. government needs to persuade investors, at home and abroad, to buy vast quantities of new Treasury bonds. That normally happens quietly and routinely, on the assumption that the U.S. remains a predictable and reliable steward of the world’s financial system.
But that assumption is precisely what Trump’s broader political project puts at risk. Efforts to rewrite the rules of international trade, to pressure allies or to treat economic relationships as instruments of coercion all increase uncertainty about how the U.S. will behave in the future. Financial markets are often patient, but they are not indifferent to this kind of uncertainty.
If international investors became less willing to hold U.S. government debt then bond prices would fall, yields would rise and the cost of financing America’s government debt would increase. That would feed through into higher borrowing costs across the entire U.S. economy, from mortgages to business loans to government spending itself.
This kind of adjustment would not happen overnight but it is exactly the sort of slow, grinding financial pressure that even the U.S. cannot avoid. Trump may believe he holds all the cards but, in a debt-dependent world, the bond market still gets a vote.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
figure, .tipContainer, .socContainer, .subscribeShortcodeContainer, .donateContainer {display:none !important;} .youtubeContainer { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 30px; height: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom:12px; } .youtubeContainer iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100% !important; height: 100%; margin: 12px 0px !important; } .newsroomSidebar {width:35%;max-width:35%;padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;float:right;margin-left:50px;} .snrsInfoboxSubContainer {padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;} .halfwidth {float:right;width:50%;max-width:50%;} .indent2Container {margin-left: 1em;margin-bottom:1em; border-left: solid 1px black;padding-left: 2em;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.newsroomSidebar {max-width:95%;width:95%;margin-left:4%} .halfwidth {float:none;width:100%;max-width:100%;} }
Nevada Current is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Nevada Current maintains editorial independence. Contact Editor Hugh Jackson for questions: info@nevadacurrent.com.
—
Republished with permission from Nevada Current
Join The Good Men Project as a Premium Member today.
All Premium Members get to view The Good Men Project with NO ADS. A complete list of benefits is here.
—
Photo credit: unsplash
The post The Erosion of US Reliability Adds Even More Risk to the Economy appeared first on The Good Men Project.